| Title | Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 and NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase reciprocally regulate glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in Candida albicans |
|---|---|
| Author | Sa-Ouk Kang1* and Min-Kyu Kwak2* |
| Address | 1Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea, 2Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Food and Nutrition Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea |
| Bibliography | Journal of Microbiology, 59(1),76–91, 2021, |
| DOI | 10.1007/s12275-021-0552-7 |
| Key Words | alcohol dehydrogenase 1, Candida albicans, glutathione, hyphal growth, methylglyoxal, NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase |
| Abstract | Glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity controls cellular glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We previously demonstrated two predominant methylglyoxal scavengers– NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1)–in glutathione-depleted γ- glutamyl cysteinyl synthetase-disrupted Candida albicans. However, experimental evidence for Candida pathophysiology lacking the enzyme activities of Mgd1 and Adh1 on glutathione- dependent redox regulation remains unclear. Herein, we have aimed to demonstrate that glutathione-dependent enzyme activities coupled with cellular ROS changes is regulated by methylglyoxal accumulation in Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptants. Δmgd1/Δadh1 showed severe growth defects and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. The observed complementary and reciprocal methylglyoxal-oxidizing and methylglyoxalreducing activities between Δmgd1 and Δadh1 were not always exhibited in Δmgd1/Δadh1. Although intracellular accumulation of methylglyoxal and pyruvate was shown in all disruptants, to a greater or lesser degree, methylglyoxal was particularly accumulated in the Δmgd1/Δadh1 double disruptant. While cellular ROS significantly increased in Δmgd1 and Δadh1 as compared to the wild-type, Δmgd1/Δadh1 underwent a decrease in ROS in contrast to Δadh1. Despite the experimental findings underlining the importance of the undergoing unbalanced redox state of Δmgd1/Δadh1, glutathione- independent antioxidative enzyme activities did not change during proliferation and filamentation. Contrary to the significantly lowered glutathione content and Glr1 enzyme activity, the activity staining-based glutathione peroxidase activities concomitantly increased in this mutant. Additionally, the enhanced GLR1 transcript supported our results in Δmgd1/Δadh1, indicating that deficiencies of both Adh1 and Mgd1 activities stimulate specific glutathione-dependent enzyme activities. This suggests that glutathione-dependent redox regulation is evidently linked to C. albicans pathogenicity under the control of methylglyoxal-scavenging activities. |